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Đổi Mới (; (英語:Renovation)) is the name given to the economic reforms initiated in Vietnam in 1986 with the goal of creating a "socialist-oriented market economy". The term đổi mới itself is a general term with wide use in the Vietnamese language, however the Doi Moi Policy (''Chính sách Đổi Mới'') refers specifically to these reforms. The communist government in the north, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), adopted a centrally planned economy since its inception. Under the command economy, the central government decided output targets and prices, input supplies, domestic wholesale and retail trade, and international trade; the state was aiming at creating a vertically integrated economy where there was no commercial contact among individual production units horizontally.〔 In the agricultural sector, the government formed cooperatives in three stages; production solidarity groups, lower-level cooperatives where land and equipment were shared, and higher-level cooperatives in which a system of workpoints determined distribution of all income.〔Beresford Melanie, ''Vietnam: Politics, Economics and Society, London: Pinter. 1988.〕 However, the command economy was abolished by the late 1980s following the 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. ==Background== It was de facto a top-down reform program that required a handful of most influential high-ranking political figures of Vietnam in mid-1980s. Prior to the Doi Moi, Vietnam faced an economic crisis; inflation soared to over 700 per cent, economic growth slowed down, and export revenues covered only less than the total value of imports. They resulted in intense debate about past faults under the central planning system and the need to introduce a major change in the run up to the 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam.〔Brian Van Arkadie and Raymond Mallon,() ''VIET NAM: a transition tiger''. Asia Pacific Press, January 2004〕 Moreover, one of the important developments which provoked change was the death of Party Secretary, Lê Duẩn, in July 1986.〔Jonathan London, Vietnam and the making of market-Leninism, ''Pacific Review'', Vol 22, No 3, pp 375–399. 2009〕 Long time party leaders including Lê Duẩn, Trường Chinh and Pham Van Dong were deemed attributed to part of the crisis of Vietnamese state socialism.〔 As a result, the Sixth Party Congress elected as Party Secretary more liberal Nguyễn Văn Linh at the Sixth Party Congress in December 1986. In addition, there were three political movements which urged Viet Nam’s leaders to take reforms. First, there was strong pressure from technocrats and pro-market reformists for a final solution to the DRV model, based upon the political collapse of hard reform socialism after the 1985 debacle. Second, those benefiting from commercial activities thanks to partial reforms were in favour of further reform as reform brought economic benefits. Third, southern liberals supported reform as they wished to return to the pre 1975 system.〔Adam Fforde and Stefan de Vylder. ''From Plan to Market: The Economic Transition in Vietnam'', Boulder: Westview Press. 1996〕 Fforde elaborated the second point; during the transition period since the early 1980s, state enterprises accessible to cheap resources earned profits by diverting them onto the free market, which were shared among various groups including workers, manager, and higher levels. This profit sharing provided a power basis for reform and commercialization in the party, pushing for a market economy.〔Fforde Adam. The Political Economy of “Reform” in Vietnam-Some Reflections. In Ljunggren, B. (Eds.), ''The Challenge Reform in Indochina''. Cambridge, USA: Harvard Institute for International Development. 1993〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「doi moi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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